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For most people who can't see the AI overview: Tundras are treeless ecosystems that form in cold, dry regions due to a combination of factors, including: Climate Tundras are characterized by extreme cold, low rainfall, and short growing seasons. For example, the average winter temperature in the Arctic tundra is -34° C (-30° F), and the average summer temperature is 3-12° C (37-54° F). Permafrost Permafrost, or permanently frozen ground, prevents trees from taking root and slows decomposition and nutrient cycling. Wind Strong winds can desiccate and abrade plant tissues. Soil Tundra soils are generally acidic and not very rich in nutrients. The top layer of soil changes a lot over the course of a year, and the soil is formed from a combination of rock fragments, sediments, and organic matter left behind by glaciers. Freeze-thaw cycle The ground in the tundra goes through repeated cycles of freezing and thawing, which creates features like thrusting action and slowly formed layers of subsoil.
